Essay on The Psychology of Parenting Styles - 1490 Words

The Psychology of Parenting Styles Would you have come out different if your parents used a different parenting style? If you are considered â€Å"cool† now could you have come out a nerd if your parents would have used a different parenting style? â€Å"Parenting style is one of the primary determinants of your child’s outcome whether he succeeds, achieves, meets the challenges, flounders, gives up, or runs from or fails in handling life.† (6) The purpose of this paper is to describe the outcomes, processes, labor, and techniques of parenting in a psychological point of view. Parenting styles are defined as the â€Å"manner in which parents express their beliefs on how to be a good or bad parent.† (4) Each parenting style has its weaknesses and†¦show more content†¦Permissive parents allow complete freedom to their children and there is very little discipline visible. Permissive parenting was â€Å"Popular in the 1950’s and 1960’s† because of all the troubles going on during WWII. (5) They like to tell their kids â€Å"One more time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  whenever the kids do something bad. An example can be if Timmy asks his parents if he can go to a party. They tell him he has to be home by 10pm. Then his parents tell him the limit is 10pm. Then he suggests 12pm and because they do not want Timmy to be angry with them they let him do whatever he wants. Permissive parents have a fear that their kids will not like them. Unlike authoritarian parents, permissive parents make rules but they never enforce the rules. The children in this parenting style are usually immature, dependant, aggressive, and unhappy. They do not do well academically because of their inability to regulate to the school rules. Now we come to the democratic parenting style. This is the best parenting style when it comes to raising a child in a healthy environment. Democratic parents make rules but they are flexible with their rules depending on the different situations. Democratic parents also have more open and honest relationships with their children. They allow their children more of a chance to take responsibility and learn from their mistakes. One thing you should remember when you are raising a child is that your child should not be afraid of you. WhenShow MoreRelatedIntroduction Of Psychology : Parenting Styles Essay1681 Words   |  7 PagesAchour 42150030 Introduction to Psychology Parenting Styles Outline I. Introduction Parenting styles are the strategies and the approaches that parents use when raising their offspring. II. Authoritarian a. The authoritarian parenting style is described as not being responsive yet having too many demands. b. children often develop low self-esteem, become shy, and are anxious when around others. III. Permissive (indulgent) a. Permissive parenting is the type of parenting where parents are nurturingRead MoreDiana Baumrinds Parenting Styles in Psychology784 Words   |  3 Pagesthe three parenting styles in psychology, authoritarian parenting, authoritative parenting, and permissive parenting. All of these parenting styles are seen today throughout everyone’s lives. All of these parenting styles can affect a person differently and studies have shown that depending on what style a person has been raised with can affect whom that person becomes and how they behave in life. The first style of parenting is authoritarian parenting. In this style of parenting, childrenRead MorePsychology Paper Parenting Styles915 Words   |  4 PagesParenting Styles, Discipline, and Behavioral Outcomes Many psychologists throughout history have indulged in studies related to parenting behavior and how children are affected from such behavior. The work of Diana Baumrind, which is considered to be one of the most influential and well-studied theories of parenting behavior, was the first to identify three styles of parenting (Sclafani 44). These styles of parenting are called authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. This paper will furtherRead MoreBusiness Psychology: Different Parenting Styles6933 Words   |  28 PagesAbstract This research investigated the affect parenting styles have on a person’s performance in the workplace. Parenting styles play a major role in a child’s future performance. How parents raise their kids affects the kids for the rest of their lives. As with any aspect of psychology there is no right or wrong way about it. However, each parenting style has its pros and cons and this is why I have chosen this topic. To find out how different parenting styles affect the performance of the child in theRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology859 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout long history of psychology, there are many brilliant and remarkable psychologists who grew psychology longing as 21st century, today. They have contributed many theories, ideas, and experiments that made study of human mind and behavior much more noble and interesting. As psychology grow older and older, there are many different types of branches that were created, such as psychoanalysis, behavio r, cognitive, evolutionary, and developmental. Each branches have changed way society worksRead MoreParenting: Diana Baumrind Theory648 Words   |  3 PagesMany people do not notice how cruel a parent can be with their kids. Many dont take the time to see how a parent is truly. Most parents dont realize how their parenting methods affect their childs development. Most parents dont realize how bad or good of a parent they are. Many of them dont see that their kids imitate the methods they use to discipline their kids. In fact there are many types of different beliefs of parents. But there are certain people who observe the children’s behavior.Read MoreParenting Styles And The Parenting Style Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Parenting style used by caregivers plays an important role in the child’s development and learning, specifically social emotional learning. Parents play a big role in their child’s academic achievement, especially depending on the parenting style use. The parenting style where the parents are involved and monitor their children is related to academic achievement and educational accomplishment (Spera, 2005). Parenting styles comprise of two dimensions, demandingness and responsivenessRead MoreThe Fbi Behavior Analysis Unit1443 Words   |  6 PagesKarley Pecosky Psychology Parenting Styles The FBI Behavior Analysis Unit can profile a person down to the type of household they grew up in. Behavior as an adult, especially of a psychopath, is usually in correlation to a traumatic event of their childhood, usually involving their parents. The FBI has the ability to analyze all the behaviors of a person and tell you what kind of car they are mostly likely to drive, what profession they are most likely involved in, and in most cases, links toRead MoreCross-Cultural Differences Between Asian American Parenting1397 Words   |  6 PagesBetween Asian American Parenting Styles To compare, another study, by Cindy Lin and Fu (1990) compared and contrasted the parenting styles amongst Chinese, Immigrant Chinese, and Caucasian-American parents. The study was conducted on mothers and fathers of 138 kindergarteners, and first and second graders in the USA and Taiwan. This study researched the parental authoritativeness, academic achievement, and independence encouragement amongst the two cultures, and parenting styles through the use ofRead MoreParenting Styles And Its Effect On Children Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pageson how we were raised, or how we raise-or plan on raising-our own children. With this said it is undeniable that parenting styles and their effectiveness vary. In research, parenting styles have been split into four categories the authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and the uninvolved. Within these categories, researches have attempted to map the effectiveness of parenting styles and the positive and negative outcomes of each. Despite the eclectic and commonly erratic nature of family structures

Herman Case Free Essays

string(27) " its first stock offering\." Companies† list in both 2008 and 2010. The three high-technology organizations selected for these lists were Microsoft, Cisco, and Google. Unlike most firms, especially those in mature industries and most of its office furniture rivals, Herman Miller had pursued a path distinctively marked by reinvention and renewal. We will write a custom essay sample on Herman Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now This path had served it well over the decades. It survived the Great Depression early in its history and multiple recessions in the 20th century In the early part of the 21st century, it recovered from the dot. Com bust. In 201 2, Herman Miller once again was facing turbulent and uncertain economic conditions. Would its propensity for using innovation to reinvent and renew its business once again allow the company to flourish and grow? How far and how fast might the company be able to push its annual revenues above the 201 1 level of $1. 6 billion? COMPANY BACKGROUND Herman Miller’s roots went back to 1905 and the Star Furniture Company, a manufacturer of traditionalistic bedroom suites in Zealand, Michigan. In 1909, it was renamed Michigan Star Furniture Company and hired Dirk Jan De Pre as a clerk. De Pre, became president in 191 9 and four years later convinced his father-in-law, Herman Miller, to purchase the majority of hares; De Pre renamed the company Herman Miller Furniture Company in recognition of Millers support. In 1 927, De Pre committed himself to treating â€Å"all workers as individuals with special talents and potential. † This occurred after he visited the family of a millwright who had died unexpectedly. During the visit, the widow read some poetry Upon asking the widow who the poet was, De Pre was surprised to learn it was the millwright. This led him to wonder whether the millwright was a worker who wrote poetry or a poet who worked as a millwright. This story was part of Herman Miller’s corporate culture, which intended to generate respect for all employees and fueled the quest to tap the diversity of gifts and skills held by all. In 1 930, the United States was in the Great Depression and Herman Miller was in financial trouble. As De Pre was looking for a way to save the company, Gilbert Rhode, a designer from New York, approached him and told him about his design philosophy. Rhode then asked for an opportunity to design a bedroom suite for a fee of $1 ,OHO. When De Pre reacted negatively to such a fee, Rhode suggested an alternative payment plan-?a 3 percent royalty on the furniture sold-?to which De Pre agreed, figuring that there as nothing to lose. A few weeks later, De Pre received the-first designs from Rhode. Again, he reacted negatively. In response, Rhode wrote De Pre a letter explaining his design philosophy: â€Å"[Horst,] utter simplicity: no surface enrichment, no carvings, no molding, [and second,] furniture should be anonymous. People are Important, not furniture. Furniture should be useful† Rhodes designs were antithetical to traditional designs, but De Pre saw merit in them and set Herman Miller on a course of designing and selling furniture that reflected a way of life. In 1 942, Herman Miller produced its first office furniture-?a Gilbert Rhode sign referred to as the Executive Office Group. Rhode died two years later, and De Pre began a search for a new design leader. After reading an article in Life magazine â€Å"about designer George Nelson, De Pre hired Nelson as Herman Miller’s first design director. In 1 946, De Pre hired Charles and Ray Names, a husband-and-wife design team based in Los Angels. In the same year, Charles Earn sees designs were featured in the first one-man furniture exhibit at New Work’s Museum of Modern Art. Some of his designs became part of the museum’s permanent collection. Many sources were helpful in providing material for this case, m ¶SST articulacy employees at Herman Miller who generously shared their time and viewpoints about the company to help ensure that the case accurately reflected the company’s practices and culture. They provided many resources, including internal documents and stories of their personal experiences. In 1 950, Herman Miller, under the guidance of Dry. Carl Frost, a professor at Michigan State University, became the first company in the state of Michigan to implement a Scansion Plan, a productivity incentive program devised by labor expert Joseph N. Scansion. Underlying the Scansion Plan were the principles of equity and justice for everyone in the company† Two major functional elements Of Scansion plans were the use of committees for sharing ideas on improvements and a structure for sharing increased profitability. The relationship between Frost and Herman Miller continued for at least four decades. During the asses, Herman Miller introduced a number of new furniture designs, including those by Alexander Gerard, Charles and Ray Names, and George Nelson. Specifically, the company introduced the first molded fiberglass chairs and the Names lounge chair and ottoman (see Exhibit 1). The Names designs were introduced on NBC Home Show with Arlene Francis, a precursor to the Today show. Also in the asses, Herman Miller began its first overseas foray, selling its products in the European market. In 1 962, D. J. De Pre became chairman of the board and his son, Hugh De Pre, became president and chief executive officer. D. J. De Pre had served for more than 40 years as the president of Herman Miller. EXHIBIT 1 Names Lounge Chair and Ottoman During the 1 sass, Herman Miller introduced many new designs for both home and office. The most notable design was the Action Office System, the rolls first open-plan modular office arrangement of movable; panels and attachments. By the end of the 1 sass, Herman Miller had formed a subsidiary in England with sales and marketing responsibility throughout England and the Scandinavian countries. The company also established dealers in South and Central America, Australia, Canada, Europe, Africa, the Near East, and Japan. In 1 970, Herman Miller went public and made its first stock offering. You read "Herman Case" in category "Papers" The stock certificate was designed by the Names office staff. The company entered the health/science market in 1 971 and introduced the Oregon chair, its first design eased on scientific observation and ergonomic principles, in 1976. In 1 979, in conjunction with the University of Michigan, Herman Miller established the Facility Management Institute, which pioneered the profession of facility management. The company continued to expand overseas and introduce new designs throughout the asses. By 1 977, more than half of Herman Miller’s 2,500 employees worked outside the production area. The Scansion Plan therefore needed to be overhauled, since it had been designed originally for a production workforce. In addition, employees worked at multiple U. S. And overseas locations. In 1 978, an ad hoc committee of 54 people from nearly every segment of the company was elected to examine the need for changes and to make recommendations. By January 1979, the committee had developed a final draft. The plan established a new organization structure based on work teams, caucuses, and councils. All employees were given an opportunity to discuss the new plan in small group settings. On January 26,1 979,96 percent of the employees voted to accept the new plan. After 18 years as president and CEO, Hugh De Pre stepped down; his younger brother, Max De pre, became chairman and chief executive officer n 1980. In 1981, Herman Miller took a major initiative to become more efficient and environmentally friendly. Its Energy Center generated both electrical and steam power to run its 1 -million-square-foot facility by burning waste. 2 In 1983, Herman Miller established a plan whereby all employees became shareholders. This initiative occurred approximately 10 years before congressional incentives fueled employee stock ownership plan (ESP.) growth. In 1 984, Herman Miller introduced the Aqua chair, a second chair based on ergonomic principles; many other designs followed in the 1 9805. In 1987, the iris non-De Pre family member, Dickered, became chief executive officer. By the end of the decade, Time magazine had recognized the Aqua chair as a Design of the Decade. Also, in 1989, Herman Miller established its Environmental Quality Action Team, whose purpose was to â€Å"coordinate environmental programs worldwide and involve as many employees as possible. † In 1990, Herman Miller became a founding member of the Tropical Forest Foundation and was the only furniture manufacturer to belong. That same year, it discontinued using endangered rosewood in its redrawing Names lounge chair and ottoman, and substituted cherry and walnut from sustainable sources. It also became a founding member of the U. S. Green Building Council in 1994. Some of the buildings at Herman Miller were used to establish Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LED) standards. Because of its environmental efforts, Herman Miller received awards from Fortune magazine and the National Wildlife Federation in the 1 9905. Also in the 1 sass, Herman Miller again introduced some groundbreaking designs. In 1 994, it introduced the Aaron chair (see Exhibit 2), which almost immediately was added to the New York Museum of Modern Art’s permanent sign collection. In 1999, the Aaron chair won the Design of the Decade Award from Businesslike and the Industrial Designers I Society of America. In 1 992, J. Kermit Campbell became Herman Miller’s fifth CEO and president. He was the first person from outside the company to hold either position. In 1995, Campbell resigned and Mike Evolved was promoted to CEO. Evolved, just 39 years old, had been with a company called Meridian for seven years before Herman Miller acquired it in 1990, so when he became CEO he had been with either Herman Miller or its subsidiary for 12 years. At the time, the industry was in a slump and Herman Miller was being restructured. Sales were approximately $1 billion annually. EXHIBIT 2 The Herman Miller Aaron Chair In 1 994, the company launched a product line called Herman Miller for the Home to focus on the residential market. It reintroduced some Of its modern classic designs from the asses, asses, and asses as well as new designs. In 1998, it set up a specific website (www. Home. Com) to tap into this market. Attachments took additional marketing initiatives to focus on small and midsized businesses. It established a network of 1 80 retailers to focus on small genuineness and made a 3-D design computer program available to midsized customers. In addition, its order entries were digitally linked among the company and its suppliers, distributors, and customers to expedite orders and improve their accuracy 3 THE FIRST DECADE OF THE 21ST CENTURY The first decade of the 21 SST century started off spectacularly for Herman Miller, with record profits and sales in 2000 and 2001. The company offered: an employee stock option plan (ESP.) in July 2000, and Time magazine selected the Names molded ply’. Judd chair a Design of the Century. Sales had ore than doubled in the six years that Mike Evolved had been CEO. Then the dot. Com bubble burst and the terrorist attacks of September 1 1 , 2001, shook the U. S. Economy. Herman Miller’s sales dropped by 34 percent, from more than $22 billion in 2001 to less than $1. 5 billion in 2002. In the same two years, the company saw a decline in profits from a positive $144 million to a negative $56 million. In an interview for Fascinating magazine in 2007, Evolved said, â€Å"One night went to bed a genius and woke up the town idiot† Although sales continued to drop in 2003, Herman Miller returned to reparability in that year. To do so, Herman Miller had to drop its long-held tradition of lifelong employment; approximately 38 percent of the workforce was laid off, and an entire plant in Georgia was closed. Mike Evolved and Brian Walker, then president of Herman Miller North America, met with all the workers to tell them what was happening and why it had to be done. One Of the workers being laid off was so moved by Evolved and Walkers presentation that she told them she felt sorry for them having to personally lay off workers. To replace the tradition of lifelong employment, Evolved, tit input from many others, developed what the company referred to as â€Å"the new social contract. † He explained it as follows: We are a commercial enterprise, and the customer has to be on center stage, so we have to first figure out whether your gifts and talents have a match with the needs and wants of this commercial enterprise. If they don’t, then we want to wish you the best, but we do need to tell you that I don’t have a job for you right now. As part of the implementation of the social contract, the company redesigned benefit plans such as educational reimbursement and 401 (k) plans to be more portable. This done to decrease the cost of changing jobs for employees whose gifts and talents no longer matched customer needs. Herman Miller’s sales and profits began to climb from 2003 to 2008. In 2008, even though sales were not at an all-time high, the company’s profits had reached a record level. Walker became president in 2003 and CEO in 2004. Evolved became chairman of the board in 2004. Then Herman Miller was hit by the recession of 2009. Sales dropped by 1 9 percent, from approximately $2. 0 billion in 2008 to approximately $ 1. 6 billion in 2009. In the same years, profits dropped from $1 52 million to $68 million. In March 2009, Mark Churchman, director of external communications at Herman Miller, predicted that the changes made to recover from the 2001-2003 recession would help the company weather the recession that began in late 2007. HERMAN MILLER IN 2012 Herman Miller had codified its long-practiced organizational values and published them on its website on a page titled â€Å"What We Believe. † Those beliefs, listed as follows, were intended as a basis for uniting all employees, building relationships, and contributing to communities: ; Curiosity Exploration: These are two of our greatest strengths. They he behind our heritage of research- driven design. How do we keep our curiosity? By respecting and encouraging risk, and by practicing forgiveness. You can’t be curious and infallible. In one sense, if you never make a mistake, you’re not exploring new ideas often enough. Everybody makes mistakes: we ought to celebrate honest mistakes, learn from them, and move on. ; Engagement: For us, it is about being owners-? actively committed to the life of this community called Herman Miller, sharing in its success and risk. Stock ownership is an important ingredient, but it’s not enough. The strength and the payoff really come when engaged people own problems, solutions, and behavior. Acknowledge responsibility, choose to step forward and be counted. Care about this community and make a difference in it. ; Performance: Performance is required for leadership. We want to be leaders, so we are committed to performing at the highest level possible. Performance isn’t a choice. It’s up to everybody at Herman Miller to perform at his or her best. Our own high performance-?however we measure it-?enriches our lives as employees, delights our customers, and creates real value for our shareholders ; Inclusiveness: To succeed as a company, we must include all the expressions of human talent and potential that society offers. We value the whole person and everything each of us has to offer, obvious or not so 4 obvious. We believe that every person should have the chance to realize his or her potential regardless of color, gender, age, sexual orientation, educational background, weight, height, family status, skill level-? the list goes on and on. When we are truly inclusive, we go beyond toleration to understanding all the qualities that make people who they are, that make us unique, and most important, that unite us. Design: Design for us is a way of looking at the world and how it works-?or doesn’t. It is a method for getting something done, for solving a problem. To design a solution, rather than simply devising one, requires research, thought, sometimes starting over, listening, and humility. Sometimes design results in memorable occasions, timeless chairs, or really fun parties. Design isn’t just the way something looks; it sinusitis the way something works, either. ; Foundations: The past can be a tricky thing-?an anchor or a sail, a tether or a launching pad. We value and respect our past without being ruled by it. The stories, people, and experiences in Herman Miller’s past form a unique foundation. Our past teaches us about design, human compassion, leadership, risk taking, seeking out change and working together. From that foundation, we can move forward together with a common language, a set of owned beliefs and understandings. We value our rich legacy more for what it shows us we might become than as a picture of what we’ve been. ; A Better World: This is at the heart of Herman Miller and the real reason why many of us come to work every day. We contribute to a better world by pursuing sustainability and environmental wisdom. Environmental advocacy is part of our heritage and a responsibility we gladly bear for future generations. We reach for a better world by giving time and money to our communities and causes outside the company; through becoming a good corporate citizen worldwide; and even in the (not so) simple act of adding beauty to the world. By participating in the effort, we lift our spirits and the spirits of those around us. ; Transparency: Transparency begins with letting people see how decisions are made and owning the decisions we make. So when you make a decision, own it. Confidentiality has a place at Herman Miller, but if you can’t tell anybody about a decision you’ve made, you’ve probably made a poor choice. Without transparency, it’s impossible to have trust and integrity. Without trust and integrity, its impossible to be transparent All employees were expected to live these values. Management Mike Evolved remained chairman of the board in 2012, and Brian Walker was president and CEO. Walker’s compensation was listed by Bloomberg Businesslike as $693,969 in 2011. The magazine listed compensation for Coos at four competitors as ranging from $778,000 to $973,000. Walker and our other top executives at Herman Miller took a 10 percent pay cut in January 2009 and, along with all salaried workers, another 10 percent cut in March 2009. The production workers were placed on a work schedule that consisted of nine days in two weeks, effectively cutting their pay by 10 percent as well. That the executives would take a pay cut before salaried workers, and one twice as much as that required by workers, was just one way human compassion was practiced at Herman Miller. However, most employees’ pay cuts and furloughs were ended in June 201 0 when the company’s financial performance began to improve. By U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulations, a publicly traded Company had to have a board of directors. By Herman Miller’s corporate policy, the majority of the 14 members of the board had to be independent. To be judged independent, the individual as a minimum had to meet the NASDAQ National Market requirements for independent directors (NASDAQ Stock Market Rule 4200). In addition, the individual could not have any â€Å"other material relationship with the company or its affiliates or with any executive officer of the company or his or her affiliates. Moreover, according o company documents, any â€Å"transaction between the Company and any executive officer or director of the Company (including that persons spouse, children, stepchildren, parents, stepparents, siblings, parents-law, children- in-law, siblings-in-law and persons sharing the same residence) must be disclosed to the Board of Directors and is subject to the approval of the Board of Director s Or the Nominating and Governance Committee unless the proposed transaction is part of a general program available to all directors or employees equally under an existing policy or is a purchase of Company reduces consistent with the price and terms of other transactions of similar size with other purchasers. † Furthermore, â€Å"It is the policy of the Board that all directors, consistent with their responsibilities to the stockholders of the company as a whole, hold an equity interest in the company. Toward this end, the. Board requires that each director will have an equity interest after one year on the Board, and within five years the Board encourages the 5 directors to have shares of common stock of the company with a value of at least three times the amount of the annual retainer paid to each director. † In there words, board members were held to standards consistent with Herman Miller’s corporate beliefs and its ESP. program. Although Herman Miller had departments, the most frequently referenced work unit was the team. Paul Murray, director of environmental health and safety, explained the relationship between the team and the department as follows: At Herman Miller, team has just been the term that has been used since the Scansion Plan and the De Peres brought that into Herman Miller. And so I think that’s why we use that almost exclusively. The department-? as a department, we help facilitate the other teams. And so they aren’t just department driven. Teams were often cross-functional. Membership on a team was based on the employee’s ability to contribute to that team. As Gave Wing lead chemical engineer for the company’s Design for the Environment division, described it, You grab the appropriate representative who can best help your team achieve its goal. It doesn’t seem to be driven based on title. It’s based on who has the ability to help us drive our initiatives towards our goal. Teams were often based on product development. When the product had been developed, the members of that team were redistributed to new rejects. New projects could come from any level in the organization: One way in which leadership was shared at Herman Miller was through the concept of â€Å"talking up and down the ladder. † Workers at all levels were encouraged to put forth new ideas. Herman Miller environmental specialist Rudy Barrels said, If they try something they have folks there that will help them and be there for them.. That requires a presence of one of us or an e-mail or just to say, â€Å"Yeah, I think that’s a great idea. † That’s how a tot †¦ In the organization works. Because Herman Miller workers felt empowered, a new manager could run onto some startling behavior. Paul Murray recalled, can remember my first day on the job. I took my safety glasses 0 if . ND an employee stepped forward and said, â€Å"Get your safety glasses back on At [Company X, Company there was no way they would have ever talked to a supervisor like that, much less their supervisor’s manager. Itâ⠂¬â„¢s been a fun journey when the workforce is that empowered. The company’s beliefs were also reinforced through the Employee Gifts Committee and the Environmental Quality Action Team. True to Herman Millers practice of shared leadership, the Employee Gifts Committee distributed funds and other sources based on employee involvement. Jay Link, manager of corporate giving explained the program as follows: Our first priority is to honor organizations where our employees are involved. We believe that it’s important that we engender kind of a giving spirit in our employees, so if we know they’re involved in organizations, which is going to be where we have a manufacturing presence, then our giving kind of comes alongside organizations that the/re involved with. So that’s our first priority. In addition, all Herman Miller employees could work 16 paid hours a year with a charitable organization of their choice. The company set goals for the number of employee volunteer hours contributed annually to its communities. Progress toward meeting those goals was reported to the CEO. The Environmental Affairs Team, formed in 1 988 with the authorization of Max De pre, had responsibility for such activities as recycling solid waste and designing products from sustainable resources. One of the team’s successes was in the reduction of solid waste taken to landfills. In 1 991, Herman Miller was sending 41 million pounds of solid waste to landfills. That figure was down to 24 million pounds by 1 994 and to 3. 6 million pounds by 2008. Such improvements were both environmentally friendly and costiveness. Herman Miller’s beliefs carried over to the family and the community. Gave Wing related, â€Å"I’ve got the worst lawn in my neighborhood. That’s because don’t spread pesticides on it, and don’t put fertilizer down. † He went on to say that he and his wife had to make a difficult decision in the summer of 2009 6 because Herman Miller had a policy â€Å"to avoid PVC [polyvinyl chloride] wherever possible. In restoring their home, they chose fiber cement board over PVC siding even though the fiber cement board was considerably more costly. Wing said, â€Å"Seven years ago, I didn’t really think about it. † Rudy Barrels was involved in a youth soccer association that raised money to buy uniforms by collecting newspapers and aluminum cans. Barrels said, â€Å"When I’ll speak they’ll say, ‘Yeah, that’s Rudy. He’s Herman Miller. You should-?you know we’re goanna have to do this. â€Å"‘ The company’s beliefs carried over to all functional areas of the business. Some of them were obviously beneficial, and some were simply the way Herman Miller chose to conduct its business. How to cite Herman Case, Papers

Economic Duress free essay sample

A contract is voidable or vitiate under several situations, economic duress is one of the examples. Economic duress is a vitiating factor in a contract as it is a common law defense. When there happens to be an economic duress in a contract, the party can make the contract voidable if the requirements are fulfilled. One needs to be noted that the contract is only voidable instead of being voided completely. A contract has no legal force or effect at all if it is being voided. However, a contract that is voidable simply means that the contract is still legally binding until avoided by the party. The affected party may cancel the contract and claim for remedies. Kerr J proposed that the contract can be set aside when there is economic duress exerting on one of the parties. Occidental Worldwide Investment Corporation v Skibs A/S Avanti, The Sibeon and The Sibotre [1976] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 293 Economic duress is a threat to a person’s financial or business interests. (Contract Law, 10th edn, Jill Poole pg564). The threat must be directed to the person’s financial standing but not to the person himself or his property. (Contract Law in Perspective, John Tillotson pg165). There is an economic duress exerted on a party when one party threatens to breach the contract unless the other party who is being threatened complies or renegotiates with him/her. Normally, the party who is being threatened would rather to comply or renegotiate with the other party, as it would be more practical to do so. This is because the breaching of the contract might bring more disadvantages than to comply with it despite that the party is being threatened. For example, A and B entered into a contract that A would provide something to B and B would pay for it. A then threatened to breach the contract if B did not want to pay more for the stuffs. B is in an urge to get the stuffs or else he will breach another contract with a third party and A is the only company that provides such things. B has no choice but to pay more to A. A has exerted economic duress on B as B is being forced to enter into a new contract to pay more to A. B has no other choice but to agree with it because A is the only supplier he could find. In this case, it is more practical to comply with A because the breaching of the contract will result in disastrous consequences to B. However, the issue here is does the duress negate the consent of the party? This issue will be discussed in detailed later. Development of Economic Duress Formerly, with the absence of the doctrine of economic duress, the example mentioned above will be dealt in the light of the doctrine of consideration. Generally, there was no contract if the parties did not provide any considerations. A did not provide any consideration to B in order for B to pay A more. Hence, the promise is not legally binding and B is not contractually obliged to pay A the extra amount of money. However, Williams v Roffey Bros amp; Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd [1991] 1 QB 1 has changed the position of law regarding to the doctrine of consideration. The court held that where a party agrees to pay extra in order for the other to perform his existing contractual duty, the promise is binding if the promisor obtained practical benefit or avoided a disadvantage even though there was a lack of consideration. In this case, B has to pay the extra money as he has avoided a disadvantage of breaching the contract with a third party. This leads to a question of fairness. Is it equitable for B to pay more if he is being threatened or forced by A? Obviously, A is taking advantage of B. The doctrine of economic duress is being established to overcome the problems. Furthermore, before the doctrine of economic duress was established, duress was confined to duress to person G H Treitel, The Law of Contract (11th ed 2003), p 408 and duress to goods only. The law has expanded the concept of duress to economic duress. In the law today, a threat to the financial standing of the party can claim under economic duress. It is inevitable to deny that all contracts are entered with some forms of pressures. Pressure is a natural part of the bargaining process. See discussion by Tipping J in Attorney-General for England and Wales v R [2002] 2 NZLR 91, para 62. However, with the changing of the society, the courts feel that there is a need to expand the doctrine to protect the victim who has a lower bargaining power. It is clearly unfair for one party to be forced to enter into a contract by an illegitimate pressure. The doctrine of economic duress was first recognized in the case of The Sibeon and The Sibotre. Occidental Worldwide Investment Corporation v Skibs [1976] 1 Lloyds Rep 293 However, the doctrine of economic duress is still developing through case laws as this doctrine has been established for over two decades only. Hence, there are some problems in this doctrine as it is still developing. What amounts to Economic Duress? Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1980] AC 614 is the leading case in the doctrine of economic duress. This case has technically established the doctrine of economic duress. Lord Scarman in this case has stated the requirements that amounts to economic duress. Firstly, it must be proven that there is an illegitimate pressure exerted by the party to the victim. Secondly, it is the illegitimate pressure that causes the victim to enter into the contract. Lastly, the victim has no practical choice other than agree with it. This case was then being affirmed in the case of DSND Subsea Ltd v Petroleum Geo Services ASA [2000] BLR 530. In order to succeed in the claim of economic duress, one must satisfied the three conditions as mentioned. Firstly, it must be shown that the party has threatened or forced the victim to enter into a new contract with illegitimate pressure. It must be shown that there is a pressure or threat. The injured party is being coerced into complying with the party who exerted the pressure or else it is more likely to cause damage or danger to the injured party. The victim’s financial interests are at a risk if he refused to compromise or enter into a new contract with the other party. The force or threat must be identified first in order to succeed in a claim based on economic duress. Williams v Roffey Brothers [1991] 1 QB 1 In this case, the parties did not enter into a new contract because of any threat or pressure. The defendant had obtained a practical profit through the promise and this shows that he is not under threat or pressure when he promised to pay more. As such, there is no economic duress. This is because there must be a threat or pressure for the party to rely on this doctrine successfully. Once the existence of pressure or threat is being established, the next thing to do is to prove that the pressure or threat is illegitimate. In other words, the pressure or threat exerted by the party to the victim must be something that is not authorized by the law or something that is unlawful. However, it is unclear whether what actually amounts to illegitimate pressure or threat. Dayson J stated that ‘illegitimate pressure must be distinguished from the rough and tumble of the pressure of normal commercial bargaining’ DSND Subsea Ltd v Petroleum Geo Services ASA [2000] BLR 530. It is normal that there happens to be some pressures in business context when both parties are negotiating with each other. The doctrine of economic duress has acted as a guideline to limit the pressure exerts by the businessman so that fairness can be seen in both parties. This can limit the power of a party that has a stronger bargaining power from abusing his power. It is important to distinguish between a lawful and unlawful pressure because only an unlawful pressure is deemed to be one of the elements that must be proven in the doctrine of economic duress. For example, a threat in refusing to complete the task such as shipping goods which the party is contractually obliged to do so amounts to an illegitimate pressure because the party has no rights over the goods. Vantage Navigation Corporation v Suhail and Saud Bahwan Building Materials LLC, The Alev [1989] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 138 Next, it must be shown that it is the illegitimate pressure that causes the victim to enter into the contract. The illegitimate pressure must be the contributory factor of the victim’s action to enter into a new contract. The victim would not have entered into the contract if he is not threatened or forced by the illegitimate pressure. Thirdly, it must be shown that the victim has no practical choice other than to agree with the terms or conditions offered by the other party. This means that the party has left the victim with an only choice, that is, to agree with whatever they offer. As such, it renders the parties to enter into a new contract because the party who is exerting illegitimate pressure is trying to change the terms of the original contract. If the victim has been provided with an alternative choice, then he cannot fulfill this element of the doctrine. And so, he is not entitled to claim under economic duress. Here is an example that illustrates the situation where the victim has no practical choice other than to agree. Bamp;S Contractors v Victor Green Publications [1984] ICR 419 In this case, the plaintiff threatened the defendant to pay more or else he is not going to complete his work to erect the stand for exhibitions which is needed by the defendant. The defendant had no choice other to pay the plaintiff. This is because the defendant will have to bear with bad consequences if the plaintiff refused to work. The defendant then deducted the amount of money given to the plaintiff from the amount of money that the plaintiff is supposed to receive. The plaintiff claimed for the balance. Obviously, the plaintiff’s refusal to work had left the defendant with no alternative option other than to pay the plaintiff. It can be clearly seen that the defendant is under economic duress as he had no other choice than to pay the plaintiff. Thus, if the victim’s only choice is to comply with the other party because the illegitimate pressure by the party would bring bad consequences to the victim, then it amounts to economic duress provided other elements of economic duress has been established. Atlas Express Ltd v Kafco (Importers amp; Distributors) Ltd [1989] 1 All ER 641 amp; Adam Opel GmbH v Mitras Automotive Ltd [2007] EWHC 3205 (QB), [2008] BUS LR DIGEST D55. Does economic duress negate the existence of consent? Duress, whatever form it takes, is a coercion of the will so as to vitiate consent. [I]n a contractual situation commercial pressure is not enough. There must be present some factor which could in law be regarded as a coercion of [the] will [of the person alleging duress] so as to vitiate his [or her] consent    In determining whether there was a coercion of will such that there was no true consent, it is material to enquire whether the person alleged to have been coerced did or did not protest; whether, at the time he [or she] was allegedly coerced into making the contract, he [or she] did or did not have an alternative course open to him [or her] such as an adequate legal remedy; whether he [or she] was independently advised; and whether after entering th e contract he [or she] took steps to avoid it. All these matters are relevant in determining whether [the person alleging duress] acted voluntarily or not. Decision of Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1979] 3 All ER 65 at 78 Economic duress merely vitiates the consent but it does not negate the existence of the consent of the victim. See The Universe Sentinal Case. The victim still has the knowledge of what is he consenting to. He intentionally agrees to the coercion to enter into a new contract. Lord Goff in Dimskal Shipping Co. SA v International Transport Workers’ Federation, The Evia Luck [1991] 4 All ER 871 at p. 878. Although what the victim has agreed to is not what he actually intended to do so, he has no other choice than to agree with it. This however does not destroy the existence of consent. Consent simply means an agreement of someone to do something. The element of consent is still present. As such, one should not say that economic duress has the effect to negative the presence of consent. The House of Lord has been clear in saying that the defense of duress does not depend on upon the absence of a voluntary act (which means that it does not depend upon the absence of consent) but rather depends upon intentional submission in the face of no other practical alternative. Lynch v DPP for Northern Ireland [1975] AC 653 However, one can determine whether there was a coercion of will by four points. Firstly, did the victim protest when he was being coerced to enter into a new contract? If he did protest then it was not his true consent in agreeing to enter into a new contract. Secondly, after the victim has entered into a new contract caused by the exertion of illegitimate force, did he not have other option open to him; has he received any advice or did he take actions to avoid the coercion? If the answers are yes then one can say that he will was being coerced and it was not his true consent. If so, the doctrine of economic duress can be applied and the contract between the parties is voidable. Furthermore, there is one more requirement for establishing economic duress, that is, the victim must take action to protest at the time he was being coerced or shortly after he had been exerted with illegitimate pressure. There will be no remedy available for the victim if he fails to protest. In the case of The Atlantic Baron, although it was held that the defendant’s action amounted to economic duress, the failure of the victim to protest after such a long time had prevented him to claim for a remedy in duress. (North Ocean Shipping Co. Ltd v Hyundai Construction Co. Ltd [1979] QB 705) The contract in this case is however voidable as there was an economic duress but the victim cannot claim for remedy. This case has clearly shows that it is crucial to protest at the time or shortly thereafter in getting a remedy. The action of disagreeing or objecting is sufficient for the victim o prove that he had protested and thus entitling him for a remedy later on. Problems in Economic Duress As mentioned above, this doctrine is still undergoing a development. There are some problems in this doctrine and the court is trying to improve it. Firstly, the meaning of illegitimate pressure is unclear. The law is unclear whether what can amount to an illegitimate pressure. This is b ecause most of the contracts entered are due to some form of pressures. The distinction between lawful and illegitimate pressure must be made clearly. There should be a guideline whether what amounts to an illegitimate pressure. Secondly, the remedy for economic duress is inadequate. The victim is not allowed to claim for damages. The only remedy for this doctrine is rescission, that is, the parties are allowed to go back to the position before the contract was made. It is unfair to the victim as he has to bear with the losses. The court should have allowed the victim to claim for damages. However, the existence of this doctrine has acted fairly to the person who has been forced to enter into a contract. A contract can only be legally binding when both parties agree to the terms in the contract mutually. No one has the rights to force the other people to enter into a contract by using illegitimate pressure. It is very unfair to do so. Economic Duress in Malaysia In Malaysia, contracts can also be set aside if the parties are forced to enter in a contract. The parties must enter into an agreement by free consent and voluntarily so that the agreement could be legally enforceable. (Section 10 Contract Act 1950) The word ‘coercion’ is being used in Malaysia instead of the word ‘duress’ as in the UK under the common law. The definition of coercion is provided for under Section 15 of Contract Act 1950. Coercion is the committing or threatening to commit any act forbidden by the Penal Code, or the unlawful detaining or threatening to detain, any property, to the prejudice of any person whatever, with the intention of causing any person to enter into an agreement. According to Section 15 of Contract Act 1950, Ian Chin J stated that coercion can be committed by either the threatening of an act forbidden by the Penal Code and or unlawful of detention of any property or the threat to the prejudice of any person. Teck Guan Trading Sdn Bhd v Hydrotek Engineering (S) Sdn Bhd [1996] 4 MLJ 331; [1996] BLJ 163) The concept of coercion in s15 and the cocept of duress in the English common law are different in some ways. Firstly, under the s15 of the Contract Act 1950, the victim who is seeking to set aside the contract must show that the act committed is a threat to commit an act forbidden by the Penal Code. Furt hermore, the victim must also identify the section which the forbidden act falls in the Penal Code. A failure to establish that the act is forbidden under the Penal Code would prevent the court from deciding whether such an offence had been committed or not. This would result in no coercion and thus the victim could not rely on s15 of Contract Act 1950. The court held that there was no coercion of the will in the cases of Teck Guan Trading Sdn Bhd v Hydrotek Engineering (S) Sdn Bhd and Asbir, Hira Sigh amp;Co v Supramaniam a/l Pitchaimuthu amp; Ors [2000] 1 MLJ 83 because the parties failed to prove the elements under s15 of the Contract Act 1950. This is very different to the duress under the English common law. In order to rely on coercion successfully, the threat or the act committed must be of the offences under the Penal Code. S15 of the Contract Act 1950 has limited the scope of coercion to crimes under the Penal Code only. Any offences outside the Penal Code or which are merely civil wrongs do not amount to coercion. It makes coercion to be obsolete and it also does not meet the objective to the use of illegitimate pressure. Contract Law in Malaysia by Cheong May Fong 2010 pg 217. Secondly, the concept of coercion is wider as it covers the unlawful detention of property if compared to the concept of duress which recognizes only duress to person where threats to property seem to be insufficient to amount to duress in most of the cases. See Barton v Armstrong [1975] 2 WLR 1050, PC (Appeal from Australia). In addition, s15 provides that it does not matter whether or not the Penal Code is enforceable in the place where the coercion is exerted. See the illustration provides under s15 Although there are differences between the concept of coercion and the concept of duress, the judges in Malaysia still apply English cases regarding to economic duress. James Foong J in Mohd Fariq Subramaniam v Naza Motor Trading Sdn Bhd [1997] 3 CLJ Supp 249 referred to the criterion as stated in Pao On v Lau Yiu Long. See also Third World Development amp; Anor v Atang Latief amp; Anor (1990) 1 SCR 533 However, VC George J stated that economic duress under the English common law does not apply in Malaysia because economic duress in Malaysia are confined to situations stated under s14 and s15 only. Perlis Plantations Berhad v Mohammad Abdullah Ang [1988] 1 CLJ 670 In the English common law, it is very important for the victim to protest. It is also the same in the Malaysia law. Although both doctrines do not require the element of protest, it is essential to do so as it is more likely to show that the parties are under coercion or duress if they do protest. In Mohd Fariq Subramaniam v Naza Motor Trading Sdn Bhd, although it was proven that there was economic duress, the court held that there was no coercion because the plaintiff made no protest either before or after the contract was made. The English court would also come out with the same decision if the victim fails to protest. See North Ocean Shipping Co Ltd v Hyundai Construction Co Conclusion http://www. willans. co. uk/news/article/economic_duress_illegitimate_pressure_requirement_may_include_threats_of_la/ http://books. google. com. my/books? id=-sr5oUyjhVECamp;pg=PA166amp;lpg=PA166amp;dq=economic+duress+negate+the+existence+of+consentamp;source=blamp;ots=K07_YMpY2_amp;sig=qoDHDkDJ6DgqCXekjUk3Y-D_U1kamp;hl=enamp;sa=Xamp;ei=OkB5UJHHOszirAebq4GICQamp;ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepageamp;q=economic%20duress%20negate%20the%20existence%20of%20consentamp;f=false

My Mothers Life Story Essays - Films, Flowers In The Attic

My Mothers Life Story BY KRISTY HEWITT 11B TOPIC: THE LIFE STORY OF MY MOTHER. AUDIENCE: People who like to read biographies. PURPOSE: To inform people of what life for the less fortunate can be like. Being one of seven children and being left by both parents had a huge impact on the way my mother's life has unfolded. In her early years, before the age of five, she was one of seven children running wild in the streets of Broadmeadows. Her father was in the military and was not home very much. Her mother, now she can't really remember to much about her, however she can remember the abuse and neglect that was dealt out in her first years of life. She has many reminders of those days, she has a burn on top of her right arm that was caused by hot water spilling over her. She also had stitches in the back of her head after a bad fall. She was stealing from the local supermarket, to this day she doesn't really know how she got away with it maybe no one thought a five-year-old would do such a thing. She was constantly in trouble in one way or another. One day during her first year at school all of her family came home for lunch only to find a neighbour waiting to tell them they were not allowed to go into their own home, this did not make much sense to her at the time. She later found out her mother had separated from her father and had taken up with a man with criminal record. He skipped bail taking her mother with him; she sold everything of any value to neighbours the night before. The money from this was their way to escape. They ran off leaving seven children from the ages of 15 months to 11 years, she never saw of heard from her again until after she was married. The police became involved and they became wards of the state. They were then all taken to Alambi a place for temporary care, they were there for about 4 months. During this time she was very sick and was sent to Fairfield infectious disease hospital with scarlet fever. Soon after this her older two brothers were sent to Burwood boys home and the rest of them went t o East Camberwell Salvation Army children's home. She stayed at that children's home for about 3 years, they were all well provided for. The people who looked after them took a special interest in her family and tried to keep them together as much as possible, they even kept them in touch with their older brothers in the boy's home. They were then shifted to cottages at Box Hill, which was again run by the Salvation Army. They were put into a family situation with two cottage parents Graham and Barbara Coward, they were now a family of 12. Whilst in their care she went to Sunday school and two services every Sunday, she was in the Junior Soldiers, singing company, timberals and what ever else was available to her at the time. At fifteen she committed herself to become a senior soldier of her church. She basically had a lot to thank god for then, only she didn't know how much. Over the years she found that some of her friends were less fortunate than herself, one girl Donna fell preg nant at 14 and another girl she knew ended up in prison. At sixteen she met Garry who was from a caring Salvation Army family. They were married two years later and soon followed their first child Kristy-lee. This was her first real sense of security. Their own home, someone who loved her and of course her child. She thought she had it all, many times she was told she was too young to get married and that she was getting married for all the wrong reasons, but the more they told her the more determined she became. They are still happily married today 17 yrs later. This determination seemed to drive her in everything she did. Her first job was a machinist in a factory. After seven years she became a shop assistant and worked

Barbie Nation essays

Barbie Nation essays Susan Sterns film Barbie Nation: An Unauthorized Tour provides an in depth look at the world of Barbie that most people would never know about. The audience is taken on a tour of the country and different Barbie collectors that are found all over the world. The film opens with an out of focus, very colorful shot that is difficult to figure out what it is. As the camera moves back it is revealed that they are Barbie shoes in an aquarium. From this bizarre opening image the film shows shots of some of the early Barbie commercials, Barbie auctions where some dolls are sold for more than four thousand dollars, and shots of gay pride marches. In these marches they show men dressed up like Barbie dolls while they march. All of these shots, along with the music in the background give the viewer an impression that the film will be an odd view on Barbie. The film uses voiceover narration to help give the audience more information. It is very well done in the film. While using narration to provide the viewer with information that they wouldnt be able to get from the movie alone, the filmmakers are able to keep the voiceover from getting in the way of the action in the film. One of the main sequences in the film showed the Barbie art gallery. This scene helped to add to the overall bizarre feeling of the film. The art show was used to give a more in depth look at some of the more strange areas of Barbie. The filmmakers kept the shots of each individual Barbie art piece moving fast enough to keep the viewer interested. Mixed in with the shots of the Barbie art were interview segments getting the reactions of people in the museum to each piece. The main focus was on the Barbie on the crucifix and one ladies reaction to it. Between shots of other Barbies, such as homicide Barbie, homeless Barbie, hooker Barbie, and sweatshop Barbie, the focus was always bought back to the crucifix Barbie. With the musi...

Achievement Motivation Essay Example for Free

Achievement Motivation Essay ? What is it? This links personality with the degree of competitiveness shown by an individual. Its main focus is the extent to which an individual is motivated to attain success. Some Theories about it   Murray (1938) indicated that it was natural for individual to strive to surpass another (genetically) like trait. Bandura (1977) believed that a competitive drive was a product of learning (social learning). Atkinson and McCelland (1976) has the view of an interactionist and predicts achievement motivation is generated through a combination of personality and situation factors. Atkinson and McCelland view of achievement motivation as a personality trait which is activated by a situation, the situation comprises the probability of success and the incentive value of success. -Probability of success;the extent to which success is likely;For example success is more likely of the task is found by the individual to be easy. -Incentive value of success;the incentive value experienced by the individual after success-been achieved. For example the harder the task the greater will be the incentive value because the probability of success is reduced. There are two personality types to determine achievement motivation and these are; Linked with the low need to avoid failure (Low Naf). With these characteristic, desire to succeed overcomes the fear of failure. These performers=high in achievement motivation (high achievers) 2.Low need to achieve (Low Nach) Also linked with high need to avoid failure (High Naf). These characteristics the fear of failure overcome the desire to success. These performers=low in achievement motivation (low achievers) Characteristics of high and low achievement motivation personality traits. High Nach Personality Characteristics Low Nach personality characteristics High need to achieve Low need to achieve Low need to avoid failure High need to avoid failure Approach behaviour is adopted Avoidance behaviour is adopted Challenges is accepted Challenges is rejected Risks are undertaken Risks are declined Shows persistence and perseverance when task is difficult Curtails effort when task is difficult Success tends to be attributed to external factors Failure tends to be attributed to internal factors Failure is seen as a route to success Failure is seen as the route to further failure Aspire to mastery orientation Adopt learned helpessness Approach behaviour-describes behaviour that accepts a challenge Avoidance behaviour-describes behaviour that rejects a challenge Attribution-The process that predict reasons for success or failure Mastery Orientation-The strong motive to succeed found in the high achievement. This type of person will expect to succeed but will persist when failure is experienced Learned helplessness-The belief that failure is inevitable and that the individual has no control over the factors that cause failure. Their theory of achievement motivation is best at predicting behavioural responses in situations where there is a 50/50 chance of success. This will trigger motivation for those performers with high achievement traits=likely  to display approach behaviour and mastery orientation characteristics in these circumstances. Incentive value=high when chance is evenly balanced. In contrast to performers who show low achievement motivation would experience greatest anxiety in situations with a 50/50 chance of success— later adopt avoidance behaviour and experience learned helplessness. Approach or avoidance behaviours likely to arise when in a evaluative situation=Situation in which an individual believes they are being assessed. 1.Achievement or success can interpreted in many ways. Some performers regard success as victory over others. For example a long jump athlete winning an event. These people are said to have ego goal orientation. Those with this believe that ability and comparison over others=criteria for success. 2.Others judge on the basis of person improvement in a given task-For example a second long jump athlete may view success as the achievement of an improved performance. These people are said to have task orientation. Those with the task orientation value internal goals and believe that effort and comparison with self=criteria for success. Sport Specific Achievement Motivation(Competitiveness) Competitiveness in this context means- motivation to achieve in sport. Gill and Deeter (1988), using their own test called the ‘Sport Orientation Questionnaire’ (SOQ), confirmed that athletes were far more competitive than non-athletes. As as statement, this would appear obvious. Evidence of greater significance-athletes favoured performance goals (task orientation) while non-athletes emphasised the importance of winning (ego orientation) The type of goal set by the teacher as the measure of success in sport-related activities has, therefore, a significant influence upon the decision to adopt and sustain an active and healthy lifestyle. The important association between sport-specific motivation (competitiveness), confidence and goal setting. Achievement Motivation. (2016, May 10).

My Writing Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My Writing Style - Essay Example Writing is not an easy process, it takes time. To write in a manner that is appreciative and commendable, a person is required to read literary works. However, at any stage, it cannot be said that one has learned about writing and its techniques completely. Writing is a prolonged process and one has to continue writing for a long time in order to make his writing inspirational and persuasive. George Orwell in his writing, â€Å"Why I write† informs that he got engaged in the writing process by reading literary works and by trying to write himself when he was a child (Orwell 1). Writing process was not known to him as a revelation but because of a continuous struggle that he did to learn writing. Therefore, one cannot claim that the writing process is easy and anyone can do it without any hard work. As Orwell has explained that he did a lot of struggle to learn to write, similarly, every aspirant of the writing process has to struggle too much. I also consider myself an aspiran t but I feel that I have to do a lot of hard work to start writing something that is commendable. The writing process involves the representation of self as the writer intentionally or unintentionally exposes his own self in his writing. As far as my writing is concerned, I feel that my writing is also expressive of me as a person. A person who is sensitive and kind, his writing will be indicative of his nature. Similarly, different kinds of people can be known with the help of their writing. According to Joan Didion, â€Å"In many ways, writing is the act of saying I, of imposing oneself upon other people, of saying listen to me, see it my way, change your mind† (1). It means that writing is a personal process in which, the writer shows what he likes or dislikes, what is his idea or notion of a situation and what are the facts according to the writer. Therefore, writing for me is the representation of self as while writing, we see the world with our viewpoints and narrate wh at we feel about different aspects due to which, we reveal our personalities. People usually write with some aims such as for fame, for counseling of people, for self-expression and much more. Eliot Stephen says, â€Å"There are other great reasons to write. To tell a story, to be heard, to create art, to participate, to add to the generational discussion, to make a political point, to make the world a richer place (7)†.

Economic Trends of Global Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic Trends of Global Markets - Essay Example Lastly, major disruption in global energy supplies that â€Å"could be driven by conflict among key energy-producing states, sustained internal instability in two or more major energy-producing states, or major terrorist actions† (15). Why is the United States currently experiencing a major trade deficit? In March 2006, Robert Scott reported that the United States’ major trade deficit was caused by â€Å"rapid growth in the deficit on goods and services trade and large increase in unilateral transfers, which were temporarily reduced by payments from foreign insurers for losses caused by hurricanes Katrina and Rita in the third quarter.† Two-thirds of the increase in U.S. deficit was largely attributed to the rapidly rising oil prices and imports according to Scott. In addition, he also cited the rapid growth of interest payments to foreign holders of U.S. Treasury securities. Foreign holdings of these securities, whose interest rates are expected to rise as well, have increased by $ 108 billion in the last quarter of 2005 alone. Scott estimated that foreign borrowings made up for more than 80% of the federal debt increase. With the Asian governments’ bullish promotion of its export-led growth at the backdrop, Scott pointed that the 11% decline in the U.S. dollar’s value since the second quarter of 2002 was insufficient to slow the trade deficit’s growth. He added that â€Å"the dollar must fall by at least 30% to 40%† for the deficit to reach a sustainable level of less than 3% of the U.S. GDP. This would reduce export prices and achieve the needed increase in exports relative to imports. This scenario will likewise push up the prices of imports in the U.S. resulting to import reduction and a shift in demand favorable to U.S. products. Why are some observers optimistic about the long-term trade position of the United State

Coffee Ulbs Essay Example for Free

Coffee Ulbs Essay Coffee is a brewed beverage with a distinct aroma and flavor from the roasted seeds of the coffea plant. Coffee comes in many types of colour such as dark brown,white,beige,black,light brown,and more. Coffee was first discovered in the northeast region of Ethopia. Cofee cultivation first took place in southern Arabia,appears in the middle of the 15th century in the Sufi shrines of Yemen. According to the ancient chronicle,Omar who was known for his ability to cure sick through prayer was once exiled from Mocha,Yemen to a desert cave near Ousab. Starving,Omar chewed berries from nearby shrubbery but found them to the bitter. He tried roasting the seeds to improve the flavor,but they become hard. He then tried boiling them to soften the seeds,which resulted in a fragrant brown liquid. Upon drinking the liquid,Omar was revitalized and sustained for days. As stories of this ‘miracle drug’ reached Mocha,Omar was asked to return and was made a saint. In production of coffee,it consist of many steps such as processing,roasting,grading the roasting seeds,decaffeination,stored,brewing and finally be served. When processing the coffee,the berries of coffee have been traditionally and selectively picked by hand,only the berries at the peak of ripeness would be selected. After that,green coffee is process by one of two methods. Whether by dry process method or wet process method. Then,it will be sorted by ripeness and colour. After that,the seeds are fermented to remove the slimy layer of mucilage still present on the seeds. When the fermentation is finished,the seeds are washed to remove the fermentation residue. Then,the seeds are dried. Finally,the coffee is sorted again and been labeled. The roasting process influences the taste of the beverage by changing the coffee seed both physically and chemically. During roasting,caramelization occurs as intense heat that breaks down starches,changing them to simple sugars that begin to brown,which alters the colour of seeds. Then the seeds will be grading depends on the colour of roasting seeds. It will be labeled as light,medium light,medium,medium dark,dark or very dark. The degree of roast has an effect upon coffee flavor and body. Many methods can remove the caffeine from coffee,but all involve either soaking the green seeds in hot water or steaming them and using a solvent to dissolve caffeine that containing oils. Once roasted,coffee seeds must be stored properly to preserve the fresh taste of the seeds. Coffee seeds must be ground and brewed to create a beverage. Almost all methods of preparing coffee require the seeds to be ground and mixed with hot water long enough to extract the flavor,but without overextraction that draws out bitter compounds. The roasted coffee may be ground at a roaster,in a grocery store or in the home. Then,the coffee may be brewed by several methods such as boiled,steeped,or pressurized. Once brewed,coffee may be served in a variety of ways. As an example,the white coffee was made into dairy product such as milk or cream or dairy substitute or as a black coffee with no such addition. It may be sweetened with sugar or artificial sweetener.

Darwins Theory of Evolution :: Natural Selection, Evolution Essays

"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life," usually shortened to "the Origin of Species," is the full title of Charles Darwin's book, first published in 1859, in which Darwin formalized what we know today as the Theory of Evolution. Although Darwin is the most famous exponent of this theory, he was by no means the first person to suspect the workings of evolution. In fact, Charles owed a considerable debt to his grandfather Erasmus, a leading scientist and intellectual, who published a paper in 1794, calledZoonomia, or, The Laws of Organic Life. This set down many of the ideas that his grandson elaborated on 70 years later. However, it was Darwin that formalized the theory, and presented the most convincing case for the theory. Charles Darwin was born on the 12th of February 1809 (incidentally, the same day and year as Abraham Lincoln), in Shrewsbury, England. He had a privileged upbringing, and enjoyed science - particularly biology. He graduated from Cambridge University in 1831, and on December the 27th of that year, he set off for a five-year journey aboard the Beagle, a ship bound for South America. His voyage was long and eventful, including once, in Chile, encountering both an earthquake and a tidal wave in a single day! He spent the entire journey sea-sick, but found an interest in naturalism, and began to think about evolution. Using the evidence he found during his tour of South America to back up the basic theories set down by his predecessors, and making his own adjustments and discoveries. Finally, the Beagle arrived home on October the 2nd, 1836. During his travels, Darwin kept five note-books, marked A to E, in which he recorded what he found, made sketches and wrote about his observations and theories. These later became the basis of his book, though in a "condensed and corrected" version, to "render the volume more fitted for popular reading," as Charles stated in the preface to

Buddhism vs. Hinduism

Both Buddhism and Hinduism are widely practiced religions of the world. No one is completely certain of where Hinduism was started and by whom it was led. However, today Hinduism is the third largest religion of the world. And with the passage of time many changes and alterations have been made in this religion. Most importantly, Hinduism includes many different beliefs and dominations that have arisen. Even though there are many common things exist in different Hinduism sects and their beliefs are tied to some extents.The â€Å"Vedas† is considered the oldest written document of Hinduism and it was being written in 1000 B. C but had existed orally long before. On the other hand, Buddhism is a transformed version of Hinduism. Buddhism was founded by Gautama the Buddha. Buddhism is known for its Middle Path that which neither promotes extreme asceticism nor absolute hedonism yet still leads to nirvana. In addition, the Buddha promoted the 8 fold path, that of right thinking, ri ght effort, right speech, right of understanding, right of livelihood, right of concentration and right of mindfulness.Though the Buddhism or the middle path discouraged the concept of and external God waiting to mete honour or punishment, besides, it strongly believed in the cycle of reincarnation finishing which a seeker could achieve nirvana, the ultimate enlightenment. Both Hinduism and Buddhism arose in South Asia, and thus stem from a similar culture and philosophy. Difference between Buddhism and Hinduism Buddhism believes in soul and matter and there is no place for God, besides this Hinduism considers God as the creator of the universe.In contrast, Buddhism denies the Vedas authority and dislikes animal sacrifice, while Hinduism believes in the authority of Vedas and attaches special significance to the Vedic rituals. â€Å"Buddhism does not believe in the superiority of the Brahmans or any caste distinctions, while Hinduism puts emphasis on the caste system and considers the same bed rock of the whole social system. Buddhism is missionary religion which aims at converting entire mankind to the doctrines of Buddha; while Hinduism never seeks converts and it has no definite organization like the Buddhist sangha.A personal element is introduced by Buddhism in the form of Buddha as the saviours, while there are no such personal elements in Hinduism†. (Nerox, pg, 1) On matters of social structure Hinduism and Buddhism differ greatly. The two religions also distinguish because Buddhism emphasizes and Hinduism omits individual freedom to progress socially and spiritually in the current life. In comparing the two religions, one can easily find why it is that Hinduism has showed the more stable and Buddhism the more humanitarian philosophy.The caste system is the outstanding instance of Hinduism's establishment tendencies. If casting among Hindus sects they can be divided into four major classes, Shudra, Brahman, Vaishya and Kshatriya, or people outsid e of all the classes. However members belong to different castes have different duties. In Hinduism usually the Caste is determined by birth, and it does not allowing individual freedom, social advancement and career choice. Moreover, the castes are socially ranked, forming an upper as well as lower social division.Caste, then, determines one's potential education, one's profession, one's social position, even defining these limitations for your children. These social restrictions are reinforced by the idea that caste is determined by sins or virtues in a previous life: how well one satisfied his dharma in the past. In addition, the responsibilities of one's current caste also constitute the dharma which will further punish or advance one in your next life. Put differently, exceeding one's dharma in not only unnecessary, but likely will hurt your dharma, causing you to fall into a lower caste in your next life.â€Å"This intertwining of social strata with religion creates a fatalis m derived from inevitable destiny, guilt complexes of past life caste determination, a philosophy of acceptance, and fear of punishment for transcending one's dharma. In this light, Hinduism becomes a tremendous force for stagnation, eliminating the initiative for progress in a philosophy of acceptance which breeds apathy for social justice. Such a pervasive philosophy becomes an asset to the status quo and ruling stratum, stabilizing the social structure at the expense of individuals†.(Hinduism and Buddhism† a comparison) In contrast, in the social or political structure of a society Buddhism plays little role. Buddhism in reality began as a reaction to the violence of Hindu society, including the viciousness of the caste system. Buddhism focuses not on the society, but on every single person, hence divorcing religion from the interests of the ruling stratum. Even though the Buddhism does see life as pain and suffering and renascence as a renewal of this suffering, ther e is a possible escape.If one resigns his attachment to hope and self, Nirvana, or escape from the cycles of suffering, is not impossible. The most significant aspect of Nirvana, nevertheless, is its unobstructed access to people of any social background. Put differently, although a Hindu â€Å"untouchable† cannot perhaps advance in this life through any extraordinary attempt of his own. In this regard, any Buddhist can attain Nirvana through the 4 Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, realizations essential of suffering and the methods to remove all suffering.A significant indicator of the contrast between Buddhism and Hinduism arises in their historical relationship. Buddhism, naturally, arose as a reform movement out of Hinduism. This in itself inclines to put Buddhism in a more convinced light as the religion that incorporated Hindu beliefs while excluding the negative aspects of Hinduism. Certainly, this turns out to be the case when the caste system can be studied thorou ghly. While Hinduism not only perpetuates, but is itself the caste system, Buddhism absolutely rejects any system of caste.During the rule of Ashoka Buddhism in reality reached high levels of support, which followed the Buddhist concept of ahimsa, or non violence, and its tendency toward greater equality. The good looks of a philosophy/religion of peace and general freedom, including a refusal of the social stigmas of caste for â€Å"untouchables† and lower caste members, brought thousands of converts. Again, nevertheless, the historical relationship of Buddhism and Hinduism depicts the inherent malleability and intensity of Hinduism.Furthermore, the Buddha was made an avatar of Vishnu in order to incorporate the Buddhist movement into Hinduism. â€Å"The Buddhists consider the world to be full of sorrow and regard ending the sorrow as the chief aim of human life. The Hindus consider that there are four chief aims (arthas) in life which every being should pursue. They are dh arma (religious duty), artha (wealth or material possessions), kama (desires and passions) and moksha (salvation. )† (Hinduism vs Buddhism: Hinduism and Buddhism Compared) ConclusionThe two Buddhism and Hinduism religions are very alike, and yet very different. They strive for an inner peace and at last to reach heaven through either moksha or nirvana. Culture plays a tremendous role in determining your beliefs. Both Hinduism and Buddhism religions seem to have components which would do the West good to learn, but only Buddhism religion lacks any large scale negative repercussions for its followers. Furthermore, Hinduism and Buddhism are two major religions, firmly planted in their cultures, and It looks that they will remain for a long time to come.Works Cited Hinduism and Buddhism† a comparison http://sc. essortment. com/hinduismandbud_rtqs. htm Accessed, June 15, 2007 Hinduism vs Buddhism: Hinduism and Buddhism Compared http://www. experiencefestival. com/a/Hinduism_v s_Buddhism/id/54137 Accessed, June 15, 2007 Nerox (11 May 2007), Journal Article What are the similarities and differences between Buddhism and Hinduism, (page, 1) White, Sharon. (n. d. ), Journal Article â€Å"Buddhism and Hinduism: Differences and Similarities, (page, 1)

Big business affects advertising ethics Essay

It has been clear to us that advertising is the most important tool in the success of a business. Media is one of the biggest or perhaps the biggest factor in influencing people’s lives. Through media, we can convey any information we want using the internet, radio, television and others. It is the most powerful tool of communication these days. Media connects people and it bridges gap and distance. But media not only inform people. Media also influences their way of life. People spend majority of their time with the exposure to media not knowing that they are subliminally dictated and governed by it. In short, our lives today are mostly a product of the influence of media. Advertising ethics is clearly articulated in rules providing guidance to advertisers so that they do not abuse the communicative power to influence consumers. Advertising shall tell the truth, and shall reveal significant facts, the omission of which would mislead the public. Advertising claims shall be substantiated by evidence in possession of the advertiser and advertising agency, prior to making such claims. ?Advertising shall refrain from making false, misleading, or unsubstantiated statements or claims about a competitor or his/her products or services. Advertising shall not offer products or services for sale unless such offer constitutes a bona fide effort to sell the advertising products or services and is not a device to switch consumers to other goods or services, usually higher priced. ?Advertising of guarantees and warranties shall be explicit, with sufficient information to apprise consumers of their principal terms and limitations or, when space or time restrictions preclude such disclosures, the advertisement should clearly reveal where the full text of the guarantee or warranty can be examined before purchase. Advertising shall avoid price claims which are false or misleading, or saving claims which do not offer provable savings. ?Advertising containing testimonials shall be limited to those of competent witnesses who are reflecting a real and honest opinion or experience. Advertising shall be free of statements, illustrations or implications which are offensive to good taste or public decency. *Adopted by the American Advertising Federation Board of Directors, March 2, 1984, San Antonio, Texas. It is also an unquestionable fact that big businesses put large sum of money in advertising for the advancement of their products. In America, in 2003, tobacco companies spent a total of $15. 15 billion or more than $34 million a day to promote, market and advertise their products. This is the most ever reported. This is a significant increase in terms of the expenditures of cigarette companies on advertisement. The Philip Morris in 1999 even launched a new campaign targeting women, particularly minority women, with the slogan â€Å"Find Your Voice† that cost $40 million. This is only one of many facts that companies are willing to spend big amounts for the advertisement of their company and products. Given the willingness of big businesses to put large amount of money for advertisement, this fact slowly degrades advertising ethics. Independent advertising bodies are most likely enticed by the big amount of money that a company is willing to spend. Blinded with money, advertising agencies don’t look at the product to be endorsed itself. They just focus on the amount of money their office will receive. Most agencies don’t care anymore if the product they will advertise really gives benefits to the consumers. They are not after of the truth behind the product’s performance. What is important for them is to be paid and to be paid big time. For some companies that advertise their own products, still, most of them don’t also care for the welfare of their costumers. All they are up to is the profit that can be made through advertising their own product. Some companies even deceive people in their advertisements just to profit big. Indeed, the tempting value of money is very powerful. As we look at the business world today, there are a lot of advertising cases being filed to different companies. Some of these cases are the Italy’s Alitalia Airlines for misleading consumers with an advert on round-trip flight fares showing only the one-way ticket cost, Rexall Sundown Inc. for an alleged false and unsubstantiated claims that its dietary supplement, Cellasene, would reduce or eliminate cellulite and USA Pharmacal Inc. for alleged false and unsubstantiated efficacy and safety claims for weight loss products, â€Å"Fat Sponge in a Pill† and â€Å"Calotrol/MD†, one, â€Å"Meta-Biological† containing ephedra, and for a product for erectile dysfunction, â€Å"Virile V† containing androgen and yohimbe. These cases are only a little picture of the deception in advertising. These cases are only a parcel of a giant reality that eats the advertising world, a reality that no person would dream of but it is there right in front of all of us. Indeed, the advertising ethics in our time is deteriorating. Most advertisements now do not preach truth. Most testimonies regarding any product are scripted. Moreover, many advertisements only corrupt the minds of the people specially the youth and the children. This is due to the fact that money offered by big businesses becomes the criteria of advertising. Consumer welfare has been undermined.

Colonial Period essays

Colonial Period essays The Colonial Period lasted from 1600 all the way to 1750. The most important historical event that took place in this period of time were the arrival of the Pilgrims on the east coast of North America and the meeting of the Indians which created the celebration that is now known as Thanksgiving. Puritans lived in Colonial America and followed the following rules: Total Depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace, and Perseverance of the saints. Their religion was Christianity, but there was a little bit controversy between Catholics and Protestants. The four authors that were important for this time period are Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, William Bradford, Jonathon Edwards, and Anne Bradstreet. Cabeza de Vaca wrote journals, Bradford wrote journals as well, Edwards wrote sermons, and Bradstreet wrote poems. Anne Bradstreet was a puritan born in England in 1612 and died in 1672. She was married to a brilliant scholar named Simon Bradstreet when she was just sixteen. They moved with Annes parents to New England to start a new life in the colonies. Anne wrote poems whenever she could. She was the first American poet, she is remarkable not only because of that, but because she wrote when writing was considered a not proper occupation for a woman. Bradstreet wrote of her powerful love for her husband, her aguish of her parents and other family members deaths, and her strive to accept Gods will for the losses that she suffered. One of her compositions, To My Dear and Loving Husband, was all about her love for her husband and how she prizes her love more than mines of gold or all the riches in the east. That piece of writing of hers accentuates her love for her husband and how she always wants to be with him, on earth and in Heaven. Jonathon Edwards was born in 1703 and died in 1758. Edwards was the son and grandson of Puritan ministers. H ...

The Characteristics of Expository Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Characteristics of Expository Essays - Essay Example An expository essay is usually a ‘how-to’ essay or one that analyzes an event or an object. The two essays under consideration ‘Dinner Party Table Settings’ and ‘Cochlear Implants’ qualify to be categorized as expository because the former tells us how to host a formal dinner party while the latter provides information on the features of cochlear implants and their usefulness. Both the essays contain detailed informative processes explaining such things as the differences between traditional hearing aids and cochlear implants or the preparation of frosted fruit. The functions of time and space have an important role to play in an expository essay. The author of the second essay at first wonders whether she should go for a cochlear implant and with the passage of time, in the light of certain experiences, she establishes how the thought of getting an implant herself occupied her mind more and more. In the other essay, space settings dominate the content, giving the reader a detailed picture of the position of seats, plates, forks, glasses and even candles. The organizational choice is obvious in both because, the cochlear implant being a recent advance in science, the chronology is important in differentiating it from the earlier solutions devised for the deaf, while for the host of a party, the first concern is ‘right arrangements’ having to do with ‘where is what’. This is responsible for another difference between the two essays: the tense used. Present tense is more common in the expository type unless due to the ‘time’ order, the past tense becomes inevitable here and there. So we see past tense has no use in the essay at a dinner party.

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Project Management - Essay Example The trade show materials have to be shipped in time to reach before the trade show, the vendor/printed has to deliver in time so that they can be shipped in time. The timing for training the staff is vital as Pat will be away on vacation; travel arrangements are essential to avoid last minute complications as shows of this magnitude attract participants from all over the world. Not all, but many activities are dependent on the previous activity, which adds importance to adhering to time schedules. Hence, time management would involve defining and sequencing the activity, estimate the duration and the resources, and develop the schedule (ITPM, n.d.). The second most important knowledge area recognized by the PMBOK is the human resources management. Every knowledge area includes a planning area (ITPM). Most effective use of the people involved in the project has to be done. The first task is to identify the staff and assign roles, like Pat and Terry have been identified, taking into account their strengths and weaknesses. The project roles, responsibilities and reporting relationships have to be assigned (Duncan, n.d.). Staff acquisition is essential after which the team development needs to be executed. For any project to be a success teamwork is essential, hence acquiring, developing and managing the project team is essential. Effort and expertise of different individuals are necessary to execute the project effectively. Hence, this knowledge area also involves delegating, motivating, coaching and mentoring. The third most important knowledge area relevant to the trade show project is communication. This involves timely and effe ctive generation, dissemination, storage and disposition of the project information (Duncan). Since most activities are independent, communication at all levels gains importance. Everyone involved in the project must be prepared to receive and send communication in the language understood by all.Communication planning

ISO 14000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

ISO 14000 - Essay Example Industrial waste is the largest contributor to the environmental pollution; it is an unwanted by-product of the raw materials. It is the utmost responsibility of the corporate to dispose of this materials that the contamination to the nature i.e. air, water and soil to the least levels. Recycling is also regarded as the most preferred â€Å"waste management strategy† (Cheremisinoff,2001). Along with it local and community based initiatives should be taken to control the emission of toxics from the waste. Researchers suggest that prevention from the pollution, by the usage of less pollution producing products, helps the organization to increase the efficiency, this also boosts the financial stability of the company (Maystre and Spiegel, 2011). In order to make the corporate to put in the right amount of efforts the consumers as well as the government also needs to play in their role and should force the corporations to take the right

Creative Treatment of Actuality Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Creative Treatment of Actuality - Term Paper Example The traditional cinema gained hold around the world at the turn of the 20th Century. Many communities around the world built different niches within which motion picture was developed and enhanced in order to promote this art form  (Benson, 2013). Primarily, the main role of the motion picture was to entertain viewers  (Benson, 2013). However, with time, the use of television and other forms of the motion picture to educate people was enhanced and promoted throughout communities around the world. One of the earliest views of documentaries was the concept of creative treatment of actuality. This was presented by John Grierson who viewed it as a system of using some degree of creativity to present factual and non-fictional storylines in a way and manner that maintained the originality of the cinema and also educated viewers of the matter that needed to be discussed. The concept of the creative treatment of actuality is about observing life in an art form that brings out the natural aspects of society and this is done through factual films presented in a dramatic form (De Jong, 2013). The creative treatment of actuality was first propounded by John Grierson who viewed it as a form of journalism, presented through the media process. Later on, this concept played a role in defining the actual role and processes of documentaries. â€Å"Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one fashion or the other to ‘document’ real ity† (Killborn & Izod, 2013, p. 29). In John Grierson's pioneering work, he sought to document the life of a Polynesian girl and her family in 1926. This was done through the use of words, music, images and sound effects that were meant to create an aesthetic and factual appeal (Killborn & Izod, 2013). This is meant to present a lively view of a given situation in order to present a message in a strong way and manner and bring about a high degree of realism to the documentary. However, this includes some creative components that will work together to attain specific objectives and end.  

Romeo and Juliet True Love Essay

Romeo and Juliet True Love Essay Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, has many techniques such as iambic pentameter and sonnets to show the how strong love can be between two young people; caught in between a family feud which kept them from truly experiencing free will to love who they desired. Although the play is about the love affair of Romeo and Juliet, there are many other parts which show the two lovers being tied into other relationships like Juliet with Paris; where there is a traditional arranged marriage for more power and allies. Also lusting over somebody else, like Romeo with Roseline, this can be seen as more physical love and attraction. Both these key elements play a crucial part in the meeting between Romeo and Juliet. The prologue is imperative as it introduces the themes; love, trust, power and social status, to the audience. These all are shown through a sonnet which shows the love within the play; traditionally in the Elizabethan era, men would try to win the respect of the woman they desired, by either fighting for her or romantically proposing gifts, like sonnets, and publically demonstrating his desire. Within the prologue, the scene of the play is established; the audience become familiar with the ancient grudge of the Montagues and Capulets- there were so many problems that even the servants and grounds keepers would have disputes with each other. There are many types of love which can be seen throughout the play, of which include; sexual love, unrequited love, courtly love true love and love at first sight. The sexual love can be directly seen from Mercutio, he talks about experiences with women and what he assumes Romeo should be taking part in at his age. Mercutio uses crude and coarse language to describe women O Romeo that she were, O that she were/An open-arse, thou a poprin pear! which shows he does not take love seriously; it also suggests that he could have had a painful relationship. This has an impact on Romeo as he looks up to Mercutio as a role model, and therefore takes in his pain, this reflects upon his views about relationships. The nurse has the same views on love as Mercutio; she thinks of it as mostly physical- describing the physical features that are meant to attract Juliet to Paris. She talks about sexual innuendo with Juliet, about Paris, in a very forward way lady, such a man / As all the world Why, h es a man of wax. This shows that the nurse thinks of Paris as perfect wax suggests he can be made to suit all of Juliets needs as a husband, but also providing allies with the same dignity as the Capulets. Juliet and Paris relationship is unrequited and courtly love; its true from his side but not from hers. At first, before she has the meeting with Romeo and, Juliet was content with marrying Paris although she was still very young. As the only daughter of a powerful family Juliet would have been kept under supervision at all times, except for when she visited the church for confession- because of this meeting people her own age would be limited. The head of the family- her father- would have been in control of her future; selecting who she married and for the reasons she married- courtly love. Paris love for Juliet is very strong; he admires her from afar and proposes to her father about the marriage many times before he accepts for his daughter. Juliet probably would have married Paris if she had not have met Romeo at the Capulets masquerade ball; which Mercutio had convinced Romeo to attend secretly with him- he allowed Romeo to think that Roseline would be impressed with this gestu re of breaking rules for her. The connection between Romeo and Roseline is also unrequited love- he thinks that he loves her when in fact, the way he talks about her shows he is indeed, just lusting Is the day so young? / Ay me, sad hours seem long the tone of his expression when saying this can be perceived as a sad teenage boy who takes a liking to the popular girl who he knows he cannot have- In addition this sets a comparison for later in the play. Roseline plans on becoming a nun, which means she cannot have a relationship with a man; this still doesnt stop Romeo from being fond of her and loving her from afar; he says things like Aye me sad hours seem long, In sadness, cousin, I love a woman. The expression of this can be seen as sad because he states he has nothing better to do then wait for her; additionally this can be pictured as pathetic as he never informs Roseline of his infatuation for her. In act one scene one Romeo uses paradoxes to describe his feelings for Roseline O brawling love, O loving hate O heavy lightness which shows he is indecisive about his feelings for her; this illustrates to the audience how he is not truly in love with her as he cannot make his mind up. We may never know what the ancient feud is about between the Capulets and Montagues; whether it be a political difference or an eventful marriage between the two families before this generation; consequently the love connecting Romeo and Juliet is stronger, more powerful and- to an extent- purer. Under any other circumstances: Romeo not lusting for Roseline, Juliet not preparing to marry Paris and Mercutio not only thinking about physical love- the two lovers would have never have met. This is evident to the audience as the youth of the Montagues approach the Capulet household; Mercutio is struggling to break the love sickness of Romeo If love be rough with you, be rough with love rough implies if Romeo isnt receiving love from Roseline, he should seek out ways to make her love him, even though this wouldnt be true- as love in all respects isnt meant to be rough but soft. As we now know about the other relationships the young lovers are tied into; Shakespeare introduces the new relationship between Romeo and Juliet themselves to the audience. In act one scene five Shakespeare uses hyperbole to demonstrate the difference of feelings compared to earlier in the play- Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear! Romeo is shown here metaphorically lifting Juliet up at first glance; he insinuates his true sincerity by using such words as beauty in comparison to talking about Roseline- who he has completely forgotten about by this point. This shows he could not have been truly in love with her. At the same time, Juliet captures the image of Romeo standing across the room looking at her; this causes her to lose her breath in surprise which could be seen as love at first sight. The fact that Romeo mirrors Juliets movements as she moves around the room, reveals that hes taking her lead- he does not know how to approach the situation as he has not experienced th is before. Shakespeare does this to show the innocence of the two characters- making it evident that this is a special, one in a lifetime experience. Had the feelings between them just been lust they would have not been so eager to find each other. At the point where Romeo is no longer visible, it is evident in Juliets face that the hope is lost; Shakespeare uses this expression to his advantage, by showing the audience the contrast between her facial appearance when Romeo is hidden and when he caresses her hand softly. This contrast shows true feelings she has- from hope to a feeling of loss and self hate for not finding him in time. The first thing Romeo says to Juliet is If I profane with my unworthiest hand- unworthiest reveals he does not think he is valuable for her; he is putting himself down to elevate her status, as with holy shrine and saints which are biblical references. During the Elizabethan times, religion played a significant part in everyday life- Shakespeare uses religious imagery and language to show Romeos true feelings for Juliet and the sincerity of them. Romeo refers to himself as a pilgrim which is inferior to his actual status; this confirms that he believes Juliet is too valuable and worthy for himself . So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows Shakespeare uses oxymorons to compare Juliet with the other females in the room; he refers to her as a dove among the crows, stating she is pure and beautiful this shows his genuine appreciation for her appearance. Romeo questions the love he thought he had for Roseline and love itself- did my heart love till now? this shows he is maturing and questioning what he feels truly; heart suggests that he didnt love Roseline with this in the first place as it could be a different feeling. Shakespeare also uses iambic pentameter as Romeo speaks about Juliet to show his desire and sincerity of words- this establishes trust in his feelings from the audience. Comparing the way Romeo talks about his love for Juliet, and how the nurse talks about love- in free verse- Shakespeare builds trust from the audience in Romeos judgements about his feelings of lust towards Roseline, and the true love he feels for Juliet, thus constructing the audiences perspectives that the feelings are genuine. Deeper into the play Romeo is seen devoting his ever growing love for Juliet-Act Two Scene Two is set on the Capulets land in their orchard behind Juliets quarters. Shakespeare chose this location to show the extent of the love Romeo has for Juliet, as this is exceedingly risky for an foe to be doing. O blessed, blessed night I am feared, being in the night, all this is but a dream Romeo knows it is reality, but still he refers to it as a dream- he continuously believes Juliet is a goddess; too good for him. Juliet is willing to give up everything for Romeo Deny thy father and refuse thy name she is even prepared to give up her family name and her family itself for him. Shakespeare uses things which the audience can relate to; family and the bloodline of the family were exceptionally important in the Elizabethan era, so Juliet declaring she would not be reluctant to leave her family and the comforts of her home to run away proves how much she cares for Romeo. Tis but thy name that is my enemy- Juliet refers to her own name to be her enemy and her curse- she questions why he has to be a Montague and proposes he changes his name. She also states that if he will not change his name, he should marry her; meaning she would change hers so that they no longer be feuding by name. Juliet worries about Romeo as he devotes his love to her; she contemplates what might happen if the Capulets guards find him- she is more practical within her love for him. Shakespeare uses soliloquy to show the audience Juliets true feelings for Romeo when on the balcony; the language used is that of a teenage girl writing in her diary- she talks about marrying him like in a fairytale, where everybody lives happily ever after even though she understands that this will never be the case. Half way through the couple devoting there love- by stating they will ignore the family names- the nurse calls for Juliet- the way the lovers pull back together and say how they love eac h other can be seen as the same as couples on the phone in modern times; you hang up this shows they do not feel able to be parted and jut want to hear each others voices longer. As the scene progresses the love between the young couple develops to true romantic love; this is evident as Shakespeare starts to use sincerer language and further fluent iambic pentameter. And Ill still stay, to have thee still forget, Forgetting any other home but this Romeo refers to Juliets home as his home in iambic pentameter; this shows he believes with her he is home. A home is meant to be safe and comforting; somewhere a person can be themselves with nobody to impress- by saying this Romeo is stating he feels completely at ease with Juliet even after such a short period of time with her. During this era, marriages where three quarters of the time for money and power; the people involved would gradually, if at all love each other not truly but because they had. Shakespeare uses this to his advantage within the play, as some- if not most- people in the audience would have been involved in an arranged marriage. Shakespeare uses many ways of showing the sincerity of Romeo and Juliets true feelings for each other; the iambic pentameter plays a crucial role in showing the contrast in feelings they each feel each other and for Roseline and Paris and how different people view love, such as Mercutio and the nurse. They talk about love in free verse; they speak about the physical side of love rather than the emotional- which in comparison to the love Romeo and Juliet talks about; shows the sincerity of the love between them. The prologue informs the audience of the love between the two lovers before they even know each other exist, this shows that the relationship is what the play revolves around. The way Shakespeare has subtly used religion within the descriptions of Juliet from Romeos point of view assists in showing the pureness of his feeling towards her. The way enjambment has been used- when Romeo speaks about Juliet- shows how much he cares for her; he speaks as if it is a poem dedicated to her and its essential that he is able to convey all his thoughts and feelings before she stops listening.